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| leadfigures2 = | leadfigures3 = | howmany1 = | howmany2 = | howmany3 = | casualties1 = | casualties2 = | casualties3 = 28 killed (17–22 November 2012); 59〔–60+ killed (25 January–3 February 2013); 40 killed〔(Egypt's dead and injured: the toll so far )〕 (23 June–3 July 2013) | casualties_label = | notes = }} The 2012–13 Egyptian protests were part of a large scale popular uprising in Egypt against then-President Mohamed Morsi. On 22 November 2012, millions of protesters began protesting against Morsi, after his government announced a temporary constitutional declaration that in effect granted the president unlimited powers. Morsi deemed the decree necessary to protect the elected constituent assembly from a planned dissolution by judges appointed during the Mubarak era. The demonstrations were organized by Egyptian opposition organizations and individuals, mainly liberals, leftists, secularists and Christians. The demonstrations resulted in violent clashes between Morsi-supporters and the anti-Morsi protesters, with dozens of deaths and hundreds of injuries. Demonstrators gathered outside the presidential palace, which in turn was surrounded by tanks and armored vehicles of the Republican Guard.〔 The anti-Morsi protesters in Cairo were estimated at 200,000, while over 100,000 supporters of Morsi gathered in Cairo to show support. A number of Morsi's advisers resigned in protest, and many judges spoke out against his actions as well.〔 Resignations were tendered by the director of state broadcasting, Rafik Habib (Christian vice president of the Muslim Brotherhood's Freedom and Justice Party), and Zaghloul el-Balshi (general secretary of the commission overseeing the planned constitutional referendum). Seven members of Morsi's 17-member advisory panel resigned in December 2012. On 8 December 2012, Morsi annulled his temporary decree which had expanded his presidential authority and removed judicial review of his decrees, an Islamist official said, but added that the results of the temporary declaration would still stand. On 22 December, the Constitution supported by Morsi was approved in a national referendum by 64% of the voters, with 32.9% of the electorate voting. The opposition claimed fraud in the process and called for an inquiry.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Egypt's opposition to appeal 'fraudulent' referendum results )〕〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Egypt opposition cries 'fraud' in referendum )〕〔"(Mohammed Morsi's ouster: Key events in Egypt's uprising and unrest )," ''India Today'', 4 July 2013.〕 On 30 June 2013, the first anniversary of the election of Morsi, thousands of Morsi opponents massed in Tahrir Square and outside the main presidential palace in the Heliopolis suburb demanding Morsi's resignation. Demonstrations were also reported in 18 locations across Cairo〔 and in other different locations across the country including Alexandria, El-Mahalla and cities in the Suez Canal region.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Egypt: Mahalla workers join rebellion, reject privatization plans )〕 Various political organizations supported the demonstrations, including the Tamarod movement formed by members of the Egyptian Movement for Change, which claimed to have collected 22 million signatures calling for Morsi's resignation.〔〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Anti-Mursi 'Rebel' campaign receives more than 22 million signatures )〕 On 3 July 2013 the Egyptian Armed Forces released a statement announcing the end of Morsi's presidency. In the same statement, the military announced the constitution was suspended and that new elections would be held at a future date. The chief justice of the constitutional court, Adly Mansour, became head of a transitional government.〔 In protest of the partially popular coup, supporters of the ousted President Morsi staged large demonstrations in the Nasr City district of Cairo, and in Alexandria, Luxor, Damanhour, and Suez. After the military coup of 30 June 2013, the Egyptian army cracked down on public media and shut down several news outlets that it deemed pro-morsi, including al-Jazeera. In what many deemed a massacre, hundreds of pro-Morsi demonstrators were killed in crackdowns by the Egyptian military and in attacks on pro-Morsi demonstrations. In many cases the army denied shooting at demonstrators with live ammunition, contrary to eyewitnesses and first hand accounts of western news outlets and local residents.〔http://www.vocativ.com/08-2013/live-blog-egypts-day-of-rage/〕 ==Background== On 22 November 2012, Morsi issued a constitutional declaration purporting to protect the Constituent Assembly of Egypt from judicial interference. The declaration stated that it only applies until a new constitution is ratified. The declaration also requires new trials for people acquitted of Mubarak-era killings of protesters, and extends the mandate of the constituent assembly by two months. Additionally, the declaration authorizes Morsi to take all measures necessary to these ends.〔 In effect, the declaration makes all constitutional declarations, laws and decrees made since Morsi assumed power immune to appeal by any individual, political or governmental body. Demonstrations both in support of and opposing Morsi broke out around Egypt after the declaration was made. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「2012–13 Egyptian protests」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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